Any Abdominal Herniation

Must consider if 'primary' or 'secondary'


For 'secondary', the following should be considered

• Coughing? (lung disease) - ?CXR?
• Constipation (through increased intra-abdominal pressure; GI; extra-GI) - ?AXR: erect/supine?
• Space-occupying (intra-abdominal) - ?US? ?CT scan?
• Urinary outflow obstruction - in males especially

NB: Constipation is a symptom, not a diagnosis